invar tape metallic tape chain steel tape
Answer Discuss in Comment
plotting becomes easy survey work can be completed quickly accumulation of errors is prevented all of the above
chaining over a range of mountains taking offsets from a chain line fixing ranging rods on the extremities of the area aligning the chain in a straight line between two extremities
copper and steel brass and steel nickel and steel brass and nickel
1 : 42000 RF = 300000 1 cm 50 km 1 cm : 50 m
accidental errors only cumulative errors only both accidental and cumulative errors none of the above
weighted observation conditional error residual error true error
4 10 16 64
cloth and wires linen steel invar
20° 30° 45° 60°
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