coverage of very large area undulations of the topography the large difference of elevations between various points the curvature of the earth
Answer Discuss in Comment
100 150 180 200
to check accuracy of work to take details of nearby objects to take offsets for detailed surveying none of the above
1 in 100 1 in 250 1 in 500 1 in 1000
always zero always additive always subtractive sometimes additive sometimes subtractive
straightening the links removing one or more small circular rings closing the joints of the rings if opened out all of the above
± 5 mm ± 8 mm ± 2 mm ± 3 mm
river hillock building none of the above
optical square cross staff perpendicular offsets oblique offsets
compensating cumulative; positive cumulative; negative cumulative; positive or negative
"Scientists dream about doing great things. Engineers do them."
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