coverage of very large area the large difference of elevations between various points the curvature of the earth undulations of the topography
Answer Discuss in Comment
100 150 180 200
to check accuracy of work to take details of nearby objects to take offsets for detailed surveying none of the above
1 in 100 1 in 250 1 in 500 1 in 1000
always additive sometimes additive sometimes subtractive always subtractive always zero
straightening the links removing one or more small circular rings closing the joints of the rings if opened out all of the above
± 2 mm ± 5 mm ± 8 mm ± 3 mm
river hillock building none of the above
oblique offsets cross staff perpendicular offsets optical square
cumulative; positive or negative cumulative; negative cumulative; positive compensating
"Scientists dream about doing great things. Engineers do them."