ties or check lines which are perpendicular to chain line chain lines which go out of alignment short measurements from chain line sets of minor instruments in chain surveying
Answer Discuss in Comment
both chaining and ranging chaining but not ranging ranging but not chaining neither chaining nor ranging
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero is used at the time of standardising the tape makes the correction due to pull equal to zero neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
line ranger cross staff steel tape optical square
30° 45° 60° 90°
difference in principle of working that optical square is more accurate than prism square that no adjustment is required in a prism square since the angle between the reflecting surfaces cannot be changed all of the above
45° only 90° only either 45° or 90° any angle
degree of accuracy required method of setting out the perpendiculars and nature of ground scale of plotting all of the above
method of ties all involve equal measurement on the ground method of oblique offsets method of perpendicular offsets
can be easily repaired in the field is easier to handle is lighter than chain is practically inextensible and is not liable to kinks when in use
"Scientists dream about doing great things. Engineers do them."
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