for a vertical cliff contours seem to cross each other contours give the topography of the area intervisibility between two points can be judged from a contour map quantities of earthwork can be computed from the contour map

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beginning of the curve common point where the radius and direction changes end of the Curve common point where the radius changes

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vertex and point of curve vertex and the centre of the curve vertex and middle point of the curve point of curve and point of tangency

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height of standards is 15 cm length of the telescope is 15 cm diameter of lower plate is 15 cm radius of upper plate is 15 cm

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it is inconvenient to turn the telescope anticlockwise most of the surveyors are accustomed to right hand the readings increase clockwise vertical scale comes to an inconvenient position to be read

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right face and right swing left face and right swing left face and left swing right face and left swing

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below ground level below the line of sight above the line of sights having high elevation

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when less number of intermediate sights exist in profile levelling in differential levelling in reciprocal levelling

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both the clamp screw fixed, top tangent screw operated the upper screw is fixed, lower screw released, the object sighted, lower screw fixed and lower tangent screw operated object is exactly bisected by operating both the upper and lower tangent screws whichever is convenient bottom clamp screw fixed, top screw released, object sighted and upper tangent screw operated

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traverse may go either way traverse should run clockwise traverse should go counter clockwise exterior angles are measured when the traverse goes anti-clockwise

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