make multiplying Constant as 100 and additive constant as zero nullify both the constants of tacheometer improve visibility render additive constant zero

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convex lens compound Concave and Convex lens plain lens concave lens

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perpendicuir to the trunnion axis parallel to the vertical axis parallel to the horizontal axis parallel to axis of plate levels

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eliminate error of trunnion axis not exactly horizontal eliminate error in the line of collimation eliminate error in vertical axis get the correct reading

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it is continuously rising the ground is sloping the survey had many invert readings it is Continuously falling

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held vertical held vertically and swung to left and right and the least reading is recorded held vertically and swung towards and away from the person holding and the highest reading is recorded held vertically and swung towards and away by the person holding it and the least reading is recorded.

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surface of sea surface of a still lake surface of earth surface of a reservoir

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key bunches electric storm steel buttons current carrying bare wire

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sometimes additive and sometimes subtractive varies with the bearing changes from time to time is a constant for all bearings

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number of base lines in an area is limited to one main chain lines should form well conditioned triangles survey lines in an area should be as many as possible oblique offsets are inferior to perpendicular offsets.

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