more dissolved solids and less suspended solids more dissolved solids and less floating solids more colloidal and dissolved solids more suspended solids and less dissolved solids

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river deep well shallow well canal

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Nitrites Fluorides Chlorides Nitrates

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ferrous chloride ferric sulphate ferric chloride ferrous sulphate

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promotes coagulation narrows down the pH range increases dosage of coagulant stimulates floc formation

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quick filtration of turbid water bond developed between impurities and sand grains due to inefficient back washing frequent back washing raw water rolling over the filter surface

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No. of pathogens killed x 100 / No. of pathogens present initially No. of micro-organisms killed x 100 / No. of pathogens present initially No. of pathogens killed x 100 / No. of micro-organisms present initially No. of micro-organisms killed x 100 / No. of micro-organism present initially

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gives good taste to water is easy to apply leaves sufficient chemical to guard against post contamination Is cheaper than chlorine

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more contact period is required it is highly unstable toxic end products are given out impurities are oxidized before disinfection commences

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give lather with synthetic detergent soap form no scales in boilers cause no damage to pipe line give good taste

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